The telescopes for our project have just shipped today!  All of the site leads should be on the lookout for a package with the telescope, finder, and extra eyepiece.  I expect this will begin to make the project feel real when you see some of the actual equipment.  Additional logistical details will be sent to the site leaders.

Big news!  The order was just submitted for our telescopes to the purchasing department.  There are no shipping estimates yet but the leaders will get that once the information becomes available.  The vendor knows that we need this stuff in hand no later than mid-March but we should expect the equipment to arrive earlier than that.  There will be more instructions regarding the equipment as the delivery dates get closer but rest assured that things are moving right along.  Note that this shipment is coming directly to each team and will include the telescope, a Telrad finder, a dew shield, and an extra eyepiece.  For most of you this has just been an intellectual exercise but it’s going to start to feel real once you have some equipment in hand.

Wednesday, Dec. 5

I’m at my observatory in northwest Arizona now (near 35N, 113W) after a long 14-hour drive from Colorado.  It’s always nice to get out here again.  The peace and quiet is quite impressive as are the sunsets and the night sky views.  I have four cameras and two focal reducers to test all on my own 11-inch telescope.  Given the weather forecast it may be a couple of days before I get clear enough conditions to do anything useful.  That’s something of a pity since the weather as of now is remarkably mild for this time of year.  By the time it clears up the temperature is supposed to drop by 20-30 degrees.  Normally in December I see lows in the teens (or colder) and highs in the 40’s.  Today it got up to the upper 60’s.  Watch these postings for updates on results from this activity.  I have until Sunday night to get some results.  Most likely, Friday night will be the best.

Thursday, Dec. 6

The weather cleared up this afternoon, earlier than expected.  The skies are beautiful tonight.  I’m writing this while I warm up a bit.  It’s almost 10pm and the temperature has dropped down to 33F.  I’ve suffered much worse while observing but it’s still nice to come in a warm up for a bit.  The testing is going quite well and I’ve already got a lot of critical data.  I need to process this carefully after getting some sleep but I can already tell that I have 4 good candidate cameras.  I think I even have a clear winner but I don’t want to say so until I’ve had a chance to analyze the data.

Friday, Dec. 7

Another beautiful night but yet again colder than the previous night.  Last night had borderline issues with frost but it is drier tonight and no such problems this time.  I have even more data now for checking out the cameras.  In fact, I think I have all I need at this point and I need to spend more time in front of the computer instead of playing outside.  I made some progress on processing last night’s data but not as much as I’d hoped.  Somehow the software was no longer on my laptop for reading the video files and it took some time to figure out that problem.  I did get as far as figuring out the image scale and thus the field-of-view of the cameras.  That alone is a big help.  Now I have to finish the task of seeing exactly how faint these cameras can go.  Right now it looks like the Mallincam HyperPlus and the Watec 120N are tied for the lead with the Mallincam JR running a close second and the Super Circuits PC165DNR coming in third.  But, the final word will come from the data itself.

Saturday, Dec. 8

This is Cross Mountain. It is prominent on the horizon from my dining room window of the house at my observatory. It’s a welcome sight each morning at breakfast watching the sunrise settle in over this mesa. If you were driving on I40 between Kingman and Flagstaff you would drive just north of this formation (maybe 20 miles west of Seligman).

One of the conclusions that I’ve already reached is in the choice of focal reducers.  I’m testing two, one made by Meade and one by Mallincam.  As far as I can tell these two provide essentially the same result.  The main difference between the two is in how they mount to the telescope.  The Meade unit screws directly on to the back of the telescope and requires a special adapter to a video camera.  The adapter I have was specially made for me by friend and fellow occultation enthusiast, Gordon Hudson, who lives near Wellington, New Zealand.  He might be willing to make a bunch of these but I’d like a simpler solution.  The Mallincam unit screws on to the front of the video camera and is sized like an eyepiece.  This one will work with the stock parts that we’ll be getting with the telescope and is definitely the simpler way to go.  Almost all of the tests I’m reporting on here were done with the Meade optics but the results would have been the same with the Mallincam.

I spent most of the day looking at the data.  I took some longer video sequences that were about 5 minutes long that were intended as simulated occultation event data.  I ran into a snag with breaking these files apart into their component images.  The software I was using to do this completely failed using it’s default values.  After a while I was able to discover how to get it to work but doing so was at the expense of speed.  It took my laptop just over an hour to split up a single 5 minute video file (creating over 12,000 individual images).  This process went late into the night and as a result I have still not finished my analysis.  I did learn a few interesting things along the way.

The first thing I looked at was the timing.  The video record superimposed its clock on the display and I figured out how to know when the time display changed.  This allows me to accurately time every frame.  The video frame rate is supposed to be exactly 30 frames per second.  That should mean the time code would change every 30 images, without fail.  Well, this is almost true.  It is definitely true over a long time span, whether for 30 seconds or 5 minutes.  But, within this time I saw the frame count between time code changes to be 29, then a couple of seconds later it would be 31 which would bring it back to the correct time line.  This is an important detail for when we have real scientific data but it’s really just a distraction for the camera testing.  In the end I had to put this problem aside and I’ll have to get back to this on some later date.

The second thing I looked at was to see if I can tell when the images change in the video.  All of these cameras have a feature that allows reaching fainter stars than a simple video camera can reach.  This is known as either frame integration or “sense-up” and the unit is the number of frames like x2 or x16 (usually a power of 2).  A normal video camera will spend 1/30 of a second looking at the scene before that recorded light must be converted onto the video output.  So, if you integrate two frames (x2) it will be like taking a longer exposure time.  In this case, it would be 1/15 of a second between changing the video output signal.  Now, the video signal cannot change it’s speed.  Thus, a camera that does this must work to duplicate the integrated frame on the video output so that the video stream has 30 frames per second.  When you look at the video on a monitor, the images clearly don’t change as rapidly when you go to ever larger integration times.

For our project, we need to be able to work with fainter stars.  I have estimated that x16 is the longest we can go (that would an exposure of 16/30’s of a second or just long than half a second).  I’ll write up more about this limit later.  Here’s the problem: when analyzing the video image stream, you must know when the image changes since this tells you where the start and stop of the frame integration is.  If you don’t know the boundaries your time can be off by up to the frame integration time and that is not good for us.  Now, I know that I can see this effect looking at the monitor but the trick is to teach the computer to recognize this transition between frames.  Sure, I could do it by hand, but if I want to know when every transition occurs it will take me a very long time.

Most of my day was spent devising algorithms to sense the frame change.  I have not solved this problem to my satisfaction yet and that’s very frustrating.  On the other hand, my efforts have at least identified a key issue for these cameras and one that must be solved for future scientific use of frame-integrating video cameras for occultations.  Without getting into all the details, I came up with something that works reasonably well on some of the data I collected.  The results surprised me.  My baseline camera, the Watec 120N+, works the way I expect.  Every 16 frames the image does indeed change.  Depending on the data, I can see changes more often than that but in my best example I only have a 2% false trigger rate (that’s where I think the frame changed but it didn’t).  None of the other cameras were as easy to understand.  The Mallincam Hyper Plus was similar but had a higher false trigger rate.  The Mallincam JR and the PC165DNR have proven so far to be impossible to tell when the frame changes.  My techniques that worked on the Watec will either say the frame never changes or it is always changing.  Clearly, there is something about these newer cameras that I do not understand.  I either have to decipher what’s going on using the data or talk to the manufacturer to get an explanation.

At this point I have to switch gears and work on other projects for a while.  I’ll revisit the data analysis in a few days but at least I know that I have the data I came to Arizona to get.

It’s been a busy couple of days researching cameras for our project.  The original project design was based on the use of a Watec 120N+ camera.  This camera has the ability to integrate longer than a normal video camera.  This slows down the actual frame rate of the data but it lets you see fainter stars.  Unfortunately, Watec has announced that they have ceased production of this camera.  It is still possible to get these but under the circumstances it is good to investigation what other cameras might be out there.

Based on the experiences of the IOTA community and specifically from Tom Beard in the Carson City, NV area, there are other cameras worth trying.  The first is a really cheap camera from Super Circuits, called the PC165DNR.  It’s almost too good to be true at this price but I’ll give it a look.  The second is intermediate in price and is the MallinCam JR.  I plan to get my hands on one of each and then test them myself in December.  On paper it seems like the MallinCam would be the optimum choice but the proof will be in the test data.